One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest- Book and Movie Comparison...

The Power of Words In recent years, it has become popular for many of Americas great literary masterpieces to be adapted into film versions. As easy a task as it may sound, there are many problems that can arise from trying to adapt a book into a movie, being that the written word is what makes the novel a literary work of art. Many times, it is hard to express the written word on camera because the words that express so much action and feeling can not always be expressed the same way through pictures and acting. One example of this can be found in the comparison of Ken Keseys novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, and the film version directed in 1975 by Milos Forman. The novel details the time that R.P. McMurphy, a criminal,†¦show more content†¦In the novel, Chief describes Nurse Ratched as having orange lips, orange fingertips, and a perfect-looking face. However, she is heavily endowed in the chest area, and Chief says that one can tell that it makes her bitter to think about it. The nove l makes the Nurse seem huge, in describing her physically, and the other inmates refer to her as Big Nurse. In the film, she is a petite lady that does not have a noticeably large chest in any way. It is hard to imagine the Nurse without her chest, so it makes one wonder why the film does not include this aspect. In the novel, when Nurse Ratched and McMurphy have a physical fight, McMurphy rips the front of her starchy white uniform, exposing her breasts, and her vulnerability. At this point in the novel it seems that McMurphy has won the battle, and it is one of the more symbolic parts of the story. Since her chest does not become a matter of importance in the movie, this part of the novel is not shown, and the reader may be left wondering why, as it certainly adds to the story and to the characters of McMurphy and the Nurse. McMurphys description is also portrayed differently in the novel than in the film. In the novel, he is described as a huge red-headed criminal with sideburns, tattoos, and a hat on his head and a scar on his nose that he is constantly rubbing. He seems bigger than life in these descriptions, but in the film McMurphy isShow MoreRelatedOne Flew Over A Cuckoos Nest And Girl Interrupted Literary Analysis1862 Words   |  8 Pagesplatform of literature has two different windows. The first being the depiction of the author and the second being the interpretation of the audience. This concept is evident within both works this essay seeks to explore. In Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over a Cuckoo’s Nest, a charismatic criminal, Randle P. McMurphy is admitted to a state asylum due to his will of serving out of prison sentence in a mental hospital rather than the penitentiary. McMurphy brings in the outside world to the admitted patientsRead MoreComparison of Book and Film of One Flew Ov er the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey917 Words   |  4 PagesComparison of Book and Film of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey There are differences and similarities in the book One flew over the cuckoos nest by Ken Kesey and the movie, which is based on the novel. The characters are the same, so is Nurse Ratchard in both the book and the movie represented as an angry and two faced woman. She wants to have the absoluteRead MoreGeorge Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1094 Words   |  5 Pages To be considered insane one must have non-conforming perceptions, behaviors, and interactions that negatively distinguishes one from one’s community (Mayo Clinic). Furthermore for one to be labeled mentally ill, they would need to be clinically diagnosed as being psychologically challenged. In Ken Kesey’s controversial novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the constant question being asked by everyone is whether or not McMurphy is just an irrationally drunk character or is he actually strugglingRead MoreMy Personal Narrative : My Literary Journey1641 Words   |  7 PagesMy literary journey is not an exciting one, there are no major twists, turns or even bumps in the road. I had no major obstacles to overcome in learning how to read or write. But in a way this journey is a metaphor for so many other things in my life, you will learn in the coming pages of my short attention span, failure to stay motivated and my struggles to remain enthused to learn. As I sat down to think about learning to read and write a faint but important memory came to mind. I believe I wasRead MoreElectric Rays On The Cranial Surface1519 Words   |  7 PagesResearch tentatively identified new uses of electric stimulation which anticipated it could be used for therapeutic effects as well. This resulted into two distinct research components that would further be developed in future development stages. One was the use of brain stimulation for neurophysiologic examination. The other was the use of brain stimulation as a procedure for therapeutic effects (Baumeister, 2000, p. 265). The utilization of the development for the use of brain stimulation which

Heathcliff Character Analysis - 1700 Words

In the winter of 1801, our major character or the protagonist of this tale, Lockwood, indicates up at Wuthering Heights daily make preparations with Heathcliff who is another dominant character on this tale, day-to-day rent the nearby manor. Heathcliff, the owner, makes no effort every day be fine and straight away will become a source of deep curiosity daily Lockwood. A blizzard forces Lockwood daily spend the night time at Wuthering Heights, and he has crazy nightmares entire with a wailing ghost named Catherine Lindailyn trying to come thru the window. So, now that Lockwood is settled inday-to-day his new house, he invitations the housekeeper, Ellen Nelly Dean, daily the story of the curious inhabitants of Wuthering Heights. Then†¦show more content†¦This landscape is comprised often of moors: extensive, wild expanses, excessive however fairly soggy, and as a result infertile. Moorland cannot be cultivated, and its uniformity makes navigation every day. It functions in particular waterlogged patches wherein human beings should potentially drown. (This possibility is day-to-day several times in Wuthering Heights.) consequently, the moors serve very well as symbols of the wild threat posed by using nature. as the putting for the beginnings of Catherine and Heathcliff’s bond (the two play at the moors during youth), the moorland transfers its symbolic associations onevery day the affection affair. Then the Ghosts seem in the course of Wuthering Heights, as they do in most other works of Gothic fiction, but Brontà « constantly provides them in this kind of manner that whether they in reality exist remains ambiguous. hence the world of the novel can constantly be interpreted as a sensible one . positive ghosts—such as Catherine’s spirit while it appears every day Lockwood in chapter III—may be defined as nightmares. The villagers’ alleged sightings of Heathcliff’s ghost in bankruptcy XXXIV can be disregarded as unverified superstition. whether or not or no longer the ghosts are â€Å"actual,† they characterize the manifestation of the past within the gift, and the manner memory stays with human beings, permeating their 66b34c3da3a0593bd135e66036f9aef3Show MoreRelatedHeathcliff Character Analysis848 Words   |  4 Pagesfrightened reactions to Heathcliff, including her own initial response, Heathcliff and Catherine’s interactions with the Linton family mark the first time the two children experience the reinforcement of Heathcliff’s inferiority—and, specifically, his inferiority in relation to his racialized features—outside of the home. As Catherine is taken into Thrushcross Grange, the Linton family is at a loss with what they’re meant to make of Heathcliff. Between Mr. and Mrs. Linton, Heathcliff is referred to byRead MoreHeathcliff Character Analysis917 Words   |  4 Pagesher novel Bronte introduces one of the main character Heathcliff as a mysterious character who seemed to stand back and lurk in the shadows. Then throughout the story Heathcliff develops into a character whose actions are considered evil or malicious by the reader. But, by providing his backstory and by fully presenting his character, Bronte is still able to evoke sympathy for him even though his could be considered the antagonist of the story. Heathcliff acts cruelty toward his family, but his hateRead MoreHeathcliff Revenge Character Analysis761 Words   |  4 Pageswrought with deep-seated contempt that breeds revenge in many of the characters. In the hearts of three men, jealousy and self-proclaimed possession haunts them deeply and drives them into pursuing a hateful crusade for vengeance on the ones they feel wronged them. When the young orphaned Heathcliff is brought in by the Earnshaw family, eldest son Hindley makes his distaste of the foundling known. Hindley feels like Heathcliff inadvertently stole his father’s affections from him, along with hisRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Heathcliff In Wuthering Heights702 Words   |  3 Pages Heathcliff is a very interesting character. In the novel Wuthering Heights Heathcliff starts out as a protagonist and turns into an antagonist. Heathcliff is described as diabolical, yet he loves Catherine deeply. His deep love for Catherine causes him to seek revenge against the man she married. Heathcliff hurts everyone he comes in contact with in his plot for revenge. Heathcliff comes to Wuthering Heights as a young orphan boy. He is loved by Mr. Earnshaw and Catherine but despised by HindleyRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1555 Words   |  7 Pageshis residence at Thrushcross Granges and listens to the history of his landlord, Heathcliff; told by an old servant at Wuthering Heights, Nelly. The characters within the novel all have determined motives, desires, and relationships with their caregivers and other characters. The novel, Wuthering Heights, portrays the psychoanalytic literary theory that focuses deeply into the unconscious and conscious minds of characters. Sigmund Freud, the creator of the psychoanalytic literary theory, emphasizesRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1589 Words   |  7 PagesVictoria Embry Outside Reading Analysis Wuthering Heights Tramel – 2nd period November 4, 2016 Introduction The self-consuming nature of passion is mutually destructive and tragic. The gothic Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte and published in 1847 where Bronte challenges ideas of religious hypocrisy, social classes, gender inequality and mortality. Wuthering Heights was first ill received being too much removed from the ordinary reality in the mid-nineteenth-century;Read MoreEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights: Mental Illness and Feminism1663 Words   |  7 Pagespower hungry during this portion of time (Kirschen 1). This allowed literature to create allegorical themes that represented society during this era of literature (Roth 3). Much like the characters in Wuthering Heights, people felt a great deal of social responsibility during the Victorian Era. The characters really concentrated on what was socially acceptable (Roth 2). Social climbing was very popular during the Victorian Era and was very evident in literature. People developed superficial attitudesRead MoreThe Importance Of Society And Class In Wuthering Heights1613 Words   |  7 Pagesher depiction of the characters Catherine Earnshaw Linton and Heathcliff. Catherine begins the novel as a tomboyish girl, with no intentions of becoming a â€Å"lady† as defined by the society of her time. She only begins to want to conform to feminine roles when she is introduced to the expectations of women by the Lintons, causing her to begin to abandon her own independence in favor of conforming to societal norms. In doing so, she not only limits her own life, but spurns Heathcliff into a rage and resolutionRead More The presentation of Mr. Lockwood in Wuthering Heights The novel,807 Words   |  4 Pages1801, where we as readers are firstly introduced to the character Mr. Lockwood. Mr. Lockwood narrates the entire novel throughout, almost like an entry in his diary. Lockwood, a young London gentleman, is a newcomer to the Yorkshire Moors, Wuthering Heights. The novel opens after he has just returned from a visit with his landlord and neighbour, Mr. Heathcliff about Thrushcross Grange. One of my first impressions of the character after reading the opening chapter of the novel is thatRead MoreMusic And Its Impact On Modern Society1470 Words   |  6 Pagesthe musical score. In film, music takes the shape of sound effects or background accompaniment. It is also commonly added to pre-recorded footage creating an atmosphere or mood. Music may link scenes together, portray the true nature of certain characters, or serve as an indicator in foreshadowing or approaching disaster. There are essentially no rules when it comes to film music and a wide variety of tools are available for composition. In an opera, music is the heart of the composition and the

Personal Ethic Statement Essay Sample free essay sample

I choose to pattern my personal moralss in every facet of my life. whether in my workplace. at school. or in my place. In the workplace. you will necessitate to watch your tone and attitude and be punctual. At school. you need to do certain you have diligence and work as a squad. At place. you should pattern your behaviour and learn stewardship to your kids. All of these will go my personal ethic statement. * I choose to pattern my personal moralss in my workplace because I have learned to be respectful. You should ever be cautious about your tone and your attitude towards your coworkers. Besides. it is of import to demo unity. You can demo unity by being punctual. Always be early for work because if you are ever tardily. it can demo that you do non care about your occupation. Besides. you should non take any cutoffs. I know it is easier to happen some cringle holes because you get the occupation done faster. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Ethic Statement Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page but you should besides care about acquiring the occupation done right. * I besides choose to pattern my personal moralss in my school. It is of import to me to hold diligence. I want to be disciplined plenty to acquire the work to the full completed and turned in on clip. It is besides of import to hold concentration. If you are non wholly concentrating on your school work. you work will demo that. Next. it is of import to larn the construct of squad work. You should ever make your portion of the work. Make non anticipate your squad to make the work for you and you still earn the recognition. Besides. be aware of diverseness. Your squad could hold different positions and civilization. Have an unfastened ear towards what they say and be respectful. * Last. I choose to pattern my personal moralss in my ain place. I want to learn my kids love. clemency and grace by set uping household values. I besides want to pattern good behaviour so that they will turn up with the same attitude towards other people. I besides want to learn the construct of stewardship. It is of import for my household to larn how to pull off their fundss and larn the importance of tithing. * Above all. it is of import to do ethical determinations no affair where you are at. Workplace. school. and place. are merely a few of those topographic points. When you learn to do ethical determinations. non merely will you profit from it. but your household will besides profit. M aking ethical determinations will develop your character and better your lifestyl

The Beer Industry Essay Example For Students

The Beer Industry Essay Industry Competitive AnalysisCHIEF ECONOMIC TRAITS OF THE BEER INDUSTRYThe market size of the beer industry is incredible. The wholesale volume in the beer industry is approxiametly $13.7 billion. The industry employes almost 40,000 people. The average worker is paid about $18.27 an hour. As you can see, this is a very large industry which provides many jobs to the american workforce. The market consists of many competitors, some being very large and some operating on a very small scale. The competitive rivalry is broken up into three segments, Natiional, Regional , and Microbrewers. National competitors have a wide market coverage and generally a large company. Regional competitors are smaller than National in the fact that they only distribute in certain regions. Microbrewers are the smallest of the three because their size and capacity limit them to only distribute to small geographic areas. The market growth rate of the beer industry is perplexing. In domestic brands, from 1983 to 1984 there has been a decline in consumption of -1.2%. In the imported section there has been an increase of 14.3%. The total industry as a whole declined .7% from 1983 to 1984. As a result of the decline in consumption of beer a similar result in production occurred with a decline of 1.2% The estimated forecast for 1985 will continue along the same trend as did 1984. The long term outlook for the industry is that sales will remain flat for the next 10 to 20 years. There are many companies in the industry. Through the years the industry has slimmed down quite a bit. The National market consists of ten major competitors. The Competitors in this market are Anheuser-Busch, Miller, Stroh, G. Heileman, Adolphs Coors, Pabst, Genesee, C. Schmidt, Falstaff, and Pittsburgh. The National companies have 51 plant locations across the United States. Market share in the Domestic market ranges from a low of .5% to a high of 34%. The Import market consists mainly of ten major brands also. They a re Heineken(Netherlands), Molson(Canada), Becks(Germany), Moosehead(Canada), Labatt(Canada), St. Pauli Girl(Germany), Dos Equis(Mexico), Fosters Lager(Australia), Amstel Light(Netherlands), and Corona(Mexico). These ten brands hold about 87% of the imported market share. The individual companies range in market share from 34% on down. A few regional companies, and many small microbrewers make up the rest of the companies in the industry. The customers for the beer industry are highly diverse. They range from being highly educated to non-educated, and male to female. Income ranges for those who drink beer are also very diverse. Single people drink more beer than Married according to 1983 U.S. beer drinker demographics. College professors are known to be customers also. Due too lack of information in the case the degree of vertical integration among the companies in the industry is not certain. I am certain that a few of the larger companies have gone into producing their own packagin g(Cans, Bottles, etc.). This would be a way to cut out some of the power of suppliers if a company were to do this. We will write a custom essay on The Beer Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The ease of entry in the beer industry is segmented among the three market coverage types. In the national market the ease of entry is low. There are many barriers to entry in the national market. Beer is regulated in 50 different ways in the United States. Large capital requirements and distribution networks make it hard to enter the national market. The regional market is a little easier to get into because of fewer regulations due to smaller market coverage. Capital requirements are not as big in the regional market. Local or microbrewers have the fewest barriers to entry. Capital requirements are small compared to that of a national or regional brewer. Microbrewers generally operate in a small geographic area thus reducing many of the regulations faced by national and regional brewers. Product characteristics vary among the markets. In the national market the beer is highly standardized and heavily advertised. The beer is inexpensive. There is some product differentiation in the market with the broad product offerings that the national brewers can give. ex. Light beer, Amber beer, Low Alcohol, And Malt Liquor. Imports are perceived to be better quality: when in fact, they are really not. Because of this perception, Import beer costs more than domestic beer does. Imports are differentiated by taste and packaging. Small brewers offer a superpremium product that is not very differentiated. The main differences can be attributed to the brewing process, price, and packaging. Scale economies is high among national companies due to their large size. Their ability to distribute fixed costs is easily done because of the large volume that is produced. Their is also economies of scale in product extension and brand proliferation. Regional companies have moderate economies of scale. Regionals do not produce as much as larger natioanal companies but, they can still spread some of there costs over their moderate volumes. Local brewers have low economies of scale. Product ion is so small that it is very difficult to distribute costs. A local brewer cannot spread the cost of advertising over their product without having to raise the price of their product considerably. Capacity utilization in the U.S. Beer industry is between 75% and 85%. The beer industry is suffering from overcapacity. Despite this, a few companies are still expanding while others are closing down some operations. Because of flat sales, their is no need to overproduce. Industry Profitability is decreasing due to heavy taxation and a declining market. Beer is one of the most heavily taxed consumer products. There largest cost in the price of beer is the tax that is placed on it by local and state governments. The industries profitability is also changing due to changing lifestyles, stricter laws, and a declining 18-34 age group. COMPETITION AND COMPETITIVE FORCESThe rivalry among existing competitors is strong. Demand for the product is slowing. In order for a company to increase market share, another company has to lose it. Switching costs are low for consumers. Because switching costs are low, Competition is very intense to gain new market share. The beer industry is a cut throat business with extreme competition. Because they are in a declining market, it order to stay alive it must be survival of the fittest. Potential of new entrants is moderate. Capital requirements can be a very inhibiting factor as to whether a company can start up. New entrants must also establish a very strong and sound distribution network that is all to often not that easily attainable. Many laws and regulations may also inhibit a new entrant from coming into the market. .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 , .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .postImageUrl , .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 , .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806:hover , .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806:visited , .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806:active { border:0!important; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806:active , .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806 .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8c7392f0d0f5a1b8a1b72e532a28806:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Locke Berkeley And Hume EssayThe threat of substitute products is moderate in the industry. Some people believe that wine coolers will continue to steal market share form the beer industry, while others believe that wine coolers are just a fad that will die down. Pre-mixed drinks can also be considered a substitute. Bacardi breezers and Jack Daniels country cocktails are a example of this. In a bar, a person has a choice among many different drinks. Malt beverages(ZIMA) can also be considered a threat. The power of suppliers is moderate. Depending on which company is bigger will decide who has the leverage between the two. The suppliers have power due to the demand for agricultural products. Canneries have power in their ability to produce packaging for the breweries. If the brewery is big enough, they have more leverage as to where they get their supplies and as to how much they pay for them. The power of buyers is very strong. Switching costs are very low thus enabling a consumer to buy whatever brand he wants. Beer drinkers are easily swayed by advertising and social trends. Special promotions tend to sway brand loyalty. DRIVING FORCESChanging societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles are driving forces for the industry. These factors play an important role as to where the industry is going. Other causes include1. The population is concerned about healthier lifestyles. 2. The Growth of the 18-34 age group is declining. 3. Drinking and driving laws are getting stricter with the push of support groups(MADD). 4. Legal drinking age being raised to the age of 21. 5. Banning of Happy Hours in some states. 6. New buyer preferences. National brewers are in the strongest position because of broad product offering and low-to-moderate costs. Imports are in a fairly decent position because of their decent product offering and quality. Regional and local breweries are in the weakest position because of higher costs and limited product offering. MOVES RIVALS ARE LIKELY TO MAKE NEXTThe following is a prediction of what Golden Gate Brewery s competition will do next. Heineken- Continued push into the U.S. Market. Increase in advertising. est. 22 million. Molsen- Maintain second place in import market. increase in advertising. est. 15 millionBecks- will need to reestablish positioning as market share will be lost due to lack of promotion. Moosehead- will also lose market share to St. Pauli Girl. again due to lack of advertising. St. Pauli girl- increase market share in U.S. market due to significant increase in advertising. 14millionAnchor Brewing Company- (In San francisco) will maintain positioning of being a small exclusive upscale beer. continued market growth on a small scale. Sierra Nevada Brewing Company- Maintain positioning as a fairly low cost microbrew. $18 acase. Will continue to add capacity to existing plant. Will also maintain brewing of mainly draftbeer rather than bottled. Mendocino Brewing Company- Premium Microbrewery. Will fine tune existing brew pub Willcontinue to sell locally. Boulder Brewing Company- Bottles only! Will not expand into draft. Increased capacity. Matnow go outside of existing Colorado market. The Old New York Beer Company- National Microbrewery. 21 states and counting. Will expandinto more states. Financially sound for a microbrewery. Will open new brewery/restaurant inManhattan. Increase in capacity by 300% when new facility is open. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS1. Maintain Quality in existing plant2. Must build a stronger network of distributors3. Make attractive packaging4. Quality control in new facility. 5. Improve access to financial capital for future endeavors. 6. Innovative low cost ideas to promote product( Beer sponsorship at local pubs, exploit be rated best brew in America, etc.)INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS/ PROFITABILITYFactors making the industry attractive- -Market Size $13.7 Billion-Preference for better quality Brew over domestics. -Microbrewer/brew pub trend increasingFactors making the industry unattractive- -Decline in consumption of beer due to healthierlifestyles -Decreasing profitability due to heavy taxation-Flat Sales-Extensive competition(too many competitors)Special industry issues/ problems- -Increasing consumption despite stricter laws and healthier lifestyles. -Oversees expansionProfit Outlook- -Not very good because of flat sales, increased taxation, and limited success of previous microbreweries. COMPANY SITUATION ANALYSISSTRATEGIC PERFORMANCE INDICATORSThe company is actually doing pretty good. For the first five months of the new year he will show a profit. Last years numbers are misleading as to the direction in which the company is going. If it were not for the huge advertising expense, he would have shown a profit last year. The companys competitive approach is as follows. Differentiation. GGB brews a full-bodied lager instead of the mass marketed lighter, paler beers. They use the best hops in the world($4.50/lb as opposed to $.55/lb). The beer is also brewed in the old German Reinheitsgebot tradition. GGB has a market niche. They target the beer aficionados, one who knows how to distinguish a well made beer from an average to below average beer. Distribution. Because of GGBs size a door to door distribution campaign is used. GGB solicits to restaurants, bar owners, and liquor stores. Their market coverage consists of the San Francisco area and Munich, Germany. The foll owing is a projected 5 year forcast. Assuming all things remain equal. 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989(A) Sales @.20 inc. 408,000 489,600 587,520 705,024 846,028(B) Cost of goods sold 273,000 321,300 385,560 462,672 555,206Gross Margin 135,000 168,300 201,960 242,352 290,822Less:(C) Shipping 840 21,840 21,840 21,840 21,840(D) Salaries 101,003 106,053 111,355 116,922 122,768Rent 4,800 4,800 4,800 4,800 4,800(E) Truck lease 20,800 24,960 29,952 35,492 43,130(F) Marketing/Promotion 55,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000(G) Repairs 1,000 1,050 1,102 1,157 1,215Depreciation 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500(H) Other 9,057 9,509 9,984 10,483 11,007Net Income (65,000) (9,412) 12,427 39,708 73,562(A) 20% 1 year increase(B) $10.50 per case(C) 1986, 70 cases x 24 bottles x 5 = 8400 bottles per week x 52 weeks= 436,800 x .05 = 21840 *lower cost per bottle due to larger shipments. (D) 5% year increase(E) 20% 1 Year increase(F) No Advertising(G) 5% year increase(H) 5% year increaseSWOT ANALYSISStrengths- low overhead, well thought of by buyers, expertise in brewing, fifth generation brewer, Cooks education, Crowned best beer in America, Penetration into a German market, access to financing looks favorable. Weaknesses- After six months of operation, still in the red. High costs of truck leasing, high initial cost of advertising, distribution extremely weak, costs more to brew than imports, narrow product line. .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 , .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .postImageUrl , .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 , .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91:hover , .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91:visited , .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91:active { border:0!important; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91:active , .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91 .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f351b50a6fbd5503df73c293bb34d91:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How to blah EssayOpportunities- Pending affiliations with large distribution network, continued expansion in Europe, possible purchase of abandoned brewery in hopes to expand production capabilities. Threats- GGB is locked out of 90% of market in Munich, GGB is in a risky business, competition from national, regional, and imports. U.S. population concerned with healthier lifestyles. Blue collar workforce declining. Stiffer laws, regulations, and penalties. Due to lack of financial information on GGB it was impossible to make accurate price/cost comparisons. However, from a present-day experience, I would conclude that GGBs prices are not competitive with the top national breweries, but are more in line competitively with other regional, local brewers. According to the case, GGB costs 2-3 times what it costs too brew imported beers. Due to this comparison, it is fair to state that GGBs production costs are extremely high, thus cutting into their profit margin. COMPETITIVE STRENGTH ASSESSMENTRating scale: 1 = very weak; 10 = very strongKey success factor/ Strenght measure Weight GGB Import Anchor Sierra Mendo. Boulder NY BeerQuality/product perf. .20 10/2 8/1.6 6/1.2 5/1 5/1 5/1 8/1.6Reputation/Image .15 8/1.2 10/1.5 5/.75 6/.90 5/.75 5/.75 7/1.05 Manufacturing capability .10 5/.5 9/.9 7/.7 4/.4 3/.3 6/.6 7/.7Technological Skills .05 7/.35 7/.35 5/.25 5/.25 5/.25 5/.25 5/.25Dealer Network/Distr. .15 3/.45 9/1.35 7/1.05 4/.6 3/.45 4/.6 7/1.05 Marketing/advertising .10 3/.3 8/.8 3/.3 3/.3 3/.3 2/.2 5/.5Financial Strength .10 4/.4 8/.8 5/.5 5/.5 5/.5 6/.6 7/.7Relative Cost position .15 3/.45 6/.9 4/.6 5/.75 5/.75 5/.75 7/1.05Overall Strength rating 1.00 5.65 8.20 5.35 4.70 4.30 4.75 6.90CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING COMPETITIVE POSITIONThe companies competitive position is improving due to the quality of the product, reputation that is being gained, and technological skills by way of brewing process. The advantages that GGB has is quality, reputation (Best Brew in America), sound management, and recipe. The disadvantages facing GGB are costs, dealer network/distribution, financial strength, and marketing/advertising. KEY ASSUMPTIONSIt is assumed that demand in the industry will remain flat. This will remain true for the next 10 to 20 years. Because of flat sales in the industry, a few companies will be forced to exit the industry. GGB will continue on its slow growth pace. STRATEGIC DIRECTION/TARGET OBJECTIVESGolden Gate Brewing Company is a leading small scale brewer of Americas Best Beer. It is the companies mission to give Americans an alternative to drinking foreign beer by providing a beer that is superior in taste and quality. GGBs OBJECTIVES-Protect current position while concentrating on expanding into other markets. (5 years)-Improve dealer/distribution network -Maintain present quality-Improve access to financial capital for future endeavors-Come up with some low cost ideas to promote product(Beer sponsorship at local pubs) -Exploit being rated Best Brew in America-Make attractive packaging-Open additional plant in San Francisco BreweryOVERALL BUSINESS STRATEGYGolden Gate Brewing Company should take a fortify and defend strategy. With a moderate growth strategy, GGB will be able to maintain its current position and respond to changing market conditions better. Because there is little room for growth in the industry, GGB will need to carefully watch the moves of competitors. With a conservative growth strategy, GGB will not step on any of the bigger companies toes thus enabling GGB not to get squashed. The distribution network needs to be greatly improved. An improved dealer network would lower costs, a nd free up some of Cooks time so that he can focus on other issues within the company. GGB also needs to look into ways to exploit the rating of Americas Best Brew. Optimization of both the old and new San Francisco facilities is essential. APPROACHES/MOVE TO GAIN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEGGB should slowly expand into new markets while at the same time strengthening its present position. GGB should continue with its differentiation strategy. Because they are an alternative to imported beer, they should proceed with the positioning of a high quality, connoisseurs beer. The status of being the first U.S. brewed beer to be sold in Germany could also be used to gain competitive advantage. GGB might consider having Best Brew in America printed on the bottle. Posters for bars would be an inexpensive way to promote the product. GGB could also sponsor special nights at bars/pubs where they could offer discounts on the product or have contests.(Beer tasting contests) FUNCTIONAL SUPPORT STRATEGIESMarketing/sales- The core competence for this company is quality and being rated the Best Brew in America. It is marketing and sales job to stress this competence. There are low cost ways to support these claims. Putting these features on th e bottles label will entice those who see. Any one who is a beer drinker will want to try a beer that has been rated the Best Brew in America. Quality should be exploited. Finance- The company has three options for financing future projects. These options are an IRB, UDAG, or Market rate financing. The most appealing type of financing for GGB is the IRB or Market rate financing. The USAG is not very attractive because of the restrictions on profits. The other two options are still questionable. What bank is willing to lend that much money with the financial status of GGB. It will be tough for GGB to get a loan for that large of an amount. Distribution- This is a key area that GGB needs to improve and expand in order to grow. If the company can find an attractive way to better distribute its product, GGB will have access to previously unattainable markets. A regional distibutor would be a good way to start off the distribution network. Prodution- The key to lowering costs will be having a very efficient production facility. They can increase prodution which will lower the amount of fixed cost per product. They should look into ways of cutting down on waste. OTHER STRATEGIC ACTION RECOMMENDATIONSGGB needs to look into ways to lower overall costs without reducing the quality. They could shop around for a cheaper supplier of packaging. They should also look into the options of buying some used trucks. This will lesson the high cost of leasing the trucks. Once a good distributor is found, costs will get lower as a result of more production thus enabling the costs to be spread out more evenly over the product. Business Essays

Physical activity for children free essay sample

Physical Activity for Children This essay will explore the areas of children’s development. The age groups which will be discussed within it are children from the ages of two too six years of age and children from the age of six too eleven years of age. The areas of development which will be covered are physical, intellectual, skill and psychological. The author will then conclude by making reference to the effect on physical activity for children and why it can influence them for the rest of their lives. Physical development Children between two and six years have slow and steady gains in height and weight, especially in the legs which account for 66% of their total increase in height. Females tend to have growth spurts two years before males, but when males have spurts they have them for a longer period of time developing heavier bones and stringier muscles as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical activity for children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Between the ages of six and eleven the average children’s legs continue to grow very quickly while the head will be disproportionately large, the bones also tend to increase in length and density, gradually as they grow towards adolescence. Intellectual development Children between the ages of two and six years tend to be egocentric and selfish and don’t consider other people’s feelings. They also tend to do something quickly even if it involves hurting another child’s feelings, they will not consider the consequences until after they have done it. At this age children also find it difficult to learn from experience so they could make the same mistakes over and over again. Time and place could also be a confusion at this age and not having a complete understanding of your surroundings. From the ages of six to eleven the child can start to learn from experience although, they still have a tendency to do something without thinking about it. When the child reaches about seven or eight years they will start to understand that time goes by at a uniform speed and can perhaps arrange plans from day to day, but the past and the future still remain a mystery to them. Skill development Skill development in a child between the age of two and six is very basic, the early on stage of the physical development, This is when they will be learning skills like running, jumping, balancing and throwing. Girls tend to have more skill when it comes to co-ordination, things like hopping and skipping but boys are usually better when it comes to running, jumping or throwing, which is why boys mostly play sports like football and rugby and girls are mostly into gymnastics and dancing. From the ages of six to eleven years children’s ball skills can also be developed, this could involve dribbling the ball using their feet or catching it with their hands. It is in this age group that the child will play different kinds of sports and will eventually decide what sport they are suited to. Psychological development The psychological development in a child between two and six years old includes them imitating other children, if another child does something they will feel that they have to do it as well. Other children also start to become more important to them as they will form groups, they will also compare each mostly to see who the best is. They also still have to be told what to do at this age. From the age of six to eleven friends start to become a lot more important and can play a crucial role within their lives influencing their attitudes, beliefs and behaviour, they may also want to take part in a certain sport or activity just because their friend does it. In this age group they will also start listening to other people’s points of view and decide whether they agree with it or not. They will also start to understand working as part of a team and how it is important when difficult situations may occur within their life. Douglas P (2013) states that â€Å"exercise is paramount in the development of today’s children† This true statement emphasises that children can use physical activity to develop each of the areas, physical, intellectual, physiological and skill level, giving them a better way of life. This will also keep them fit and healthy decreasing the risk of things like illnesses or obesity.

Seven Samurai essays

Seven Samurai essays In 1954 Akira Kurosawa released his film, Seven Samurai to the public. Almost half a decade later I have the privilege to also view this great film. This was the first Japanese film that I have ever given the time of day to actual view in its entirety. From the beginning to the end I was totally involved with the characters. And awesome characters they were with each and everyone of them showing their own personality and opinion throughout the plot. The story is placed in 16th Century Japan. There is a village of farmers who are going to be under yet another attack by a large group of Bandits. Convinced not to go through it all again the villagers send a couple of farmers into town in search of four Samurai that would fight for their lives. The topper is the fact that the farmers can only pay with three meals of rice to the brave warriors. After winning over the heart of one wise and very smart Samurai, they easily recruit five more great Samurai and one wannabe. They all travel back to the village where they have to act right away to setup for the defense. They setup walls, dig waterways, and train the local farmers to fight for their ground. Just when they start to get restless of waiting the Bandits arrive and are taken down little by little. After three days and nights of fighting it all comes to an end with the Farmers victorious. Only three Samurais survive in the end and a great lesson is learned. Thats the ba sic flow of the movie. There is many side stories on the side such as a goofy Samurai, funny old farmers, a love story that must be hidden, and much more. Now in the technical aspect of the film. In my opinion the film was pretty much flawless. The editing was done wonderfully with fades, soft cut, quick cuts, and wipes to give effect. One scene in the movie where I believe the editing was awesome was in the beginning of the movie when the farmers have arrived into town to find Samur ...

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile Research Paper

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile dysfunction in prostatectomy - Research Paper Example The researcher states that one of the most inevitable aspects of the human life span is aging. What makes aging a great issue within the health community is that it brings with it numerous degenerative diseases and conditions. Some of these degenerative diseases include osteoarthritis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Huntington’s disease, heart diseases and numerous others. Sometimes, some degenerative diseases or conditions affect one gender more than the other. For example, females have to deal with menopause and all the complications such changes in the body bring about For males, one of the conditions most have to face is erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) involves the inability to maintain, or even achieve, an erection that is adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Although some temporary cases of erectile dysfunction have been documented in males, these can be attributed to factor s other than the degeneration of the human body. What is clinically relevant for healthcare providers as well as researchers is erectile dysfunction that involves a consistent failure to achieve and/or maintain erection which affects around half of all attempts at sexual intercourse. It is a common problem affecting men and thus impacting on the quality of life and their partners. This result into fear, loss of self esteem (self image), self confidence and depression. It has been estimated to affect more than 150 million men with only 20% of men seeking medical attention. (Aversa et al, 2004). In USA it affects between 20 to 30 million with risks of development being high with increasing age (Hellstrom et al, 2002). Numerous reasons have been provided for erectile dysfunction, including both psychological and physical factors. Psychological causes may involve stress, depression, relationship changes, low self-esteem, fatigue, performance anxiety, and numerous others (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006). Although psychological causes are sometimes more common in temporary cases of erectile dysfunction, these factors can aggravate the dysfunction brought about by physical causes, especially among older males. On the other hand, physical reasons for erectile dysfunction include diminished testosterone levels, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine problems, and even the decrease in penile response to nitric oxide, the neurotransmitter responsible for the erection of the penis (LeMone, Burke, & Bauldoff, 2011). Another well-documented reason attributed to erectile dysfunction is prostatectomy. Prostatectomy involves the removal or resection of a portion of a prostate due to enlargement of the prostate or one of its lobes (Brunner, Smeltzer & Bare, 2010). Studies have established that one of the expected complications of prostatectomy, specifically radical prostatectomy, is erectile dysfunction. Such a complication is most attributed to the damage caused on nerves during the surgery involving the resection of the prostate. These damages can be attributed to actual physical trauma on the nerves involving penile erection, or to complications from the anesthetic used (Lewis, et al., 2011). Still, it must be acknowledged that almost all forms of prostatectomy, even those that aim to spare the nerves (i.e. laparoscopic and robot-assisted prostatectomy), lead to erectile dysfunction, although to varying degrees (Zippe, Nandipati, Agarwal, & Raina, 2006). Identifying problems The identified problems are lack of knowledge about the option treatments, emotional distress anxiety about performance, dissatisfaction, impaired self esteem which affect personal relationships, lack of support and understanding from other significant, spousal dissatisfaction and quality of life affected (Aversa et al, 200

Disparities between races in the legal system Term Paper

Disparities between races in the legal system - Term Paper Example Targeting populations has gone so far as to include pregnant women who are drug addicted, effectively giving them no other recourse than to abort their children rather than risk jail time as services and efforts made post conception are not always considered when incarceration is considered by the legal system. The primary problem with this concept is that it appears to attack African American women over any other race, thus suggesting that the legal system is trying to encourage African American women to abort their children, rather than carrying them to term. The way in which the justice system has developed has encouraged and promoted a continuation of social problems rather than providing relief for those issues through racial profiling that diminishes the credibility of the system.Traffic Stops  Racial profiling is defined by Glover (2009) as â€Å"the use of racial and/or ethnic status as the determinant factor in decisions to stop motorists either in the absence of indicati ons of criminality or in determining who to enforce law against† (p. 11). There is a pervasive habit among law enforcement to stop drivers who appear to fall within the social groups of African American or of Hispanic descent for traffic violations, real or exaggerated, in order to investigate the nature of their business within a specified geographic location. A study done under the supervision of Dr. John Lamberth through Temple University in 1994 showed that the New Jersey police provided for an unfair.... that it appears to attack African American women over any other race, thus suggesting that the legal system is trying to encourage African American women to abort their children, rather than carrying them to term. The way in which the justice system has developed has encouraged and promoted a continuation of social problems rather than providing relief for those issues through racial profiling that diminishes the credibility of the system. Traffic Stops Racial profiling is defined by Glover (2009) as â€Å"the use of racial and/or ethnic status as the determinant factor in decisions to stop motorists either in the absence of indications of criminality or in determining who to enforce law against† (p. 11). There is a pervasive habit among law enforcement to stop drivers who appear to fall within the social groups of African American or of Hispanic descent for traffic violations, real or exaggerated, in order to investigate the nature of their business within a specified geograp hic location. A study done under the supervision of Dr. John Lamberth through Temple University in 1994 showed that the New Jersey police provided for an unfair percentage of traffic stops for people of non-Caucasian groupings. The study showed that â€Å"while African American drivers and Caucasian drivers committed roughly the same percentage of traffic violations, a startling statistic of 73.23% of the drivers stopped were African American drivers, while only 13.5% were of a different race† (Harris, 1999, 265) A Maryland lawsuit involved a defendant by the name of Robert Wilkins, a Harvard Law student, against the police department because he felt that when he was stopped by the police he and his family were unfairly processed and made to wait while drug sniffing drugs were brought to the scene

Memo to Passengers on Spree Cruise Lines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Memo to Passengers on Spree Cruise Lines - Essay Example It is unfortunate that with this situation, we also need to skip our Cancun destination altogether. We understand that this is an unhappy announcement for everyone. However, passenger safety and the ships integrity are our main concerns. Rest assured that we would make the necessary special arrangements for a differentiated level of experience during our short stay at Cozumel. Furthermore, our Cruise Director Ned would create some activities to make our travel fun, entertaining, and still worth its while. We are open to ideas and suggestions from everyone. We would also like to call everyones attention regarding some internet posts that some may have done during the past hours. We regret the worries that this incident may have caused you, but we also would request for everyone not to provide unnecessary worries to our loved ones who are waiting for us on land. We would like to minimize any issues this could cause everyone, and at the same time have the relaxation and fun that we expect from this trip. Our ship may be running slow, but let us not let this â€Å"slow us

Language Analysis of Film: Directive Illocutionary Acts

Language Analysis of Film: Directive Illocutionary Acts BY MORTEN TYLDUM ABSTRACT This assignment is entitled A study of Directive Illocutionary Acts in Passengers Movie Script by Morten Tyldum. It is aimed at describing forms and meanings of Jims utterances based on Vandervekens theory by using descriptive method. In the collecting data, I follows three stages. Those are data selection, data collection, and data classification. The selection stage was done by searching the movie script as the data source, the data collection covers collecting the data from Jims utterances in the movie script, and the data classification includes gathering Jims utterances which contain Directive Illocutionary Act. In analyzing the data, I follows several stages. They are: founding categorizing, describing, and qualifying the utterances found in the data. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Language is used as a means of communication where people use it as a tool to express their ideas and wishes. According to Ramelan (1991: 8), Language can help man to express his ideas and wishes to another such as when he needs some helps, so that close relationship among members of the group can be carried out. All human beings use language to interact with other members of the same speech community. It can be said that language plays an important role as a means of communication. According to Chaer Augustin (2004: 17), Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbol, sign or behavior. Therefore, language is an important tool in communication process: participant (at least two people or a group), topic (what is talking about), and means of communication (symbol, sign, etc.). Speech acts is the study of the meaning and the function of an utterance. The speech is used to clarify what the speaker does. Austin (1965: 108) in his book How to Do Things with Words, mention three types of speech acts; they are Locutionary Act, Illocutionary Act, and Perlocutionary Act. The Locutionary Act refers to the referential or factual meaning of the sentence: that is the literal meaning of the actual words. When we say,Im hungry, this utterance refers to the condition of the speaker which is hungry with no intention of ordering the hearer to give the speaker some food. The Illocutionary Act refers to the speakers intention in uttering the words (such as a request to close the door, or an offer of something). When we say, its very hot here, the speaker has some intention to order the hearer to open the window or to turn on the air conditioner. The Perlocutionary Act refers to the effect this utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person such as someone actually closing the door or helping them to the food. When we say, there is snake next to you! this sentence brings an effect to the hearer like screaming or running. This sentence has perlocutionary effect to the hearer. Movie script is a means of communication for an artist or a script writer to express their ideas. It can be in the form of written language. In spoken language, utterance makes the movie very clear. In addition, the utterance of speech act also describes or tells the viewers what the actors do in the movie. The object of this research is a movie entitled Passengers. I analyze this movie because in a movie I find out many Directive Illocutionary Acts in its script as well as to know the meaning of the utterance used in Illocutionary Act, because movie closer in daily conversation appeals of interview and talk show. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The problem of this study can be stated as follows: What the Directive Illocutionary Acts are found in the Passengers movie script? What are the meanings of the Illocutionary Acts the Passengers movie script? 1.3 Scope of the Study This study is focuses on the Illocutionary Act especially Directive Illocutionary Act in Jims utterances as the first character in the movie Passengers. In analyzing the Directive Illocutionary Act I use theory of Illocutionary Forces by Vanderveken. Objective of the Study The objectives of the study are: To identify Directive Illocutionary Acts in the Passengers movie script. To describe the meanings of utterance in Illocutionary Force found in the Passengers movie script.   CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHOD Research Design Based on the problem analysis, this research uses descriptive research because it is aimed to identify the kinds of speech, especially Directive Speech Act. According to Isaac and Michael (1987: 18), descriptive method is the method purpose is to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually and accurately. About this kind of research, Mardalis (1989: 26) says that, descriptive research does not test a hypothesis or use a hypothesis; it merely describes information according to variables that are observed. By using descriptive method, this study identifies the kinds of Illocutionary Act focusing on Directive Speech Act and their functions. This study took the data from the movie script Passengers by Morten Tyldum. Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis of this study is all utterances in Passengers movie script. Source of Data I took the data from the movie script Passengers by Morten Tyldum as the source of the data. The data of this study were taken from the internet website www.dailyscript.com. Technique of Data Collection In the methodology of collecting the data, I used documentation method. Documentation method is looking for the data about things or variables which are in the form of notes, transcription, book, newspaper, magazine, leafs etc. (Arikunto, 2002: 206). I used the movie script to collect the data. In this research, I get the data through some phases. First, I search for the Passengers movie script in the internet. Second, I watch the Passengers movie to comprehend the utterances. Third, I collect the data from the movie script that contains Directive Speech Act. Finally, I select the speakers utterances that contain Directive Speech Act. Technique of Data Analysis The techniques of data analysis are as follows: Finding the Speakers utterances in the form of Directive Illocutionary Act. Categorizing the speakers utterances based on the function of Directive Illocutionary Act such as asking, requesting, begging, and commanding. Describing the meaning in the utterances of Passengers Movie Scripts. Qualifying the utterances that contain directive speech acts. CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS The Directive Illocutionary Acts in Jims Utterances There are 16 utterances containing Directive Illocutionary Acts. Those are Asking (6), Commanding (3), Suggesting (2), Requesting (2), Adjuring (1), Begging (1) Forbidding (1). The Directive Illocutionary Acts found in the Passengers Movie Script is presented in the following table: Table 3.1 No. Directive Illocutionary Amount Percentage (%) 1 Asking 6 37,5 % 2 Commanding 3 18,75% 3 Requesting 2 12, 5% 4 Suggesting 2 12,5% 5 Begging 1 6, 25% 6 Adjuring 1 6, 25% 7 Forbidding 1 3, 25% TOTAL 16 100% From the table above, it can be seen that Asking is the most often Directive Illocutionary Act used by Jim. Jim likes to ask someone who is related with his business for the sake of himself. The Meaning of Jims Utterances There are seven Directive Illocutionary Act used by Jim. The following sub chapter describe Directive Illocutionary Act what Jims meant by using those seventh. 3.2.1 Asking There are 6 Asking Directive Illocutionary Acts that are found in Jims utterances. Excerpt. 1 Speech event: Jane is waiting in the spacecratf, making no attempt to hide. Jim: Joost. Jane: Long time, mate. Jim: Hows Alice? Jane: Well, thanks. The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Jane) about condition. The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Jane) can give the answer of the speakers (Jim) question. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Jane) to answer the Alices condition as the answer of his question. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Jane) can answer his question. The sincerity condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes that the hearer (Jane) can explain How Alice is condition now. The degree of strength of the utterance shows that the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get the explanation from the hearer (Jane). Excerpt. 2 Jim: Tim must be in college. Jane: Big kids, big problem you know. Jim: Companys doing well? Jane: Cant complain. Eleven wars on the continent, business is brisk. (Looks at him) Speech event: Heard you had a bit of trouble in the bush. The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of Illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks the hearer (Jane) about something (the condition of company). The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Jane) can give explanation to the speakers (Jim) question. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) asks the hearer (Jane) to explain their companys condition as the answer of his question. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Jane) can answer his question. The sincerity condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really asks and really hopes the hearer (Jane) to explain the condition of their company. The degree of strength of the utterance shows that Jim just needs the answer from Jane it shows Jims seriousness to get the explanation from Jane. Excerpt. 3 Speech event: When Jim talks with the bartender, suddenly Fawaz approaches him. He is a nervous wreck. Fawaz: Oh, my God, are you all right? Jim: Wheres the farmer? Fawaz: He found a job at a hotel. Spends all his time at the refugee offices. Not exactly the behavior of a man in possession of a priceless stone. The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Fawaz) about something (the existence of someone). The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Fawaz) can give the answer of the speakers (Jim) question. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Fawaz) to answer the existences of someone as the answer of his question. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Fawaz) can answer his question. The sincerity condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes that the hearer (Fawaz) can explain where is the farmer now. The degree of strength of the utterance shows that the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get the explanation from the hearer (Fawaz). Excerpt. 4 Speech event: Jim lights a cigarette. Aurora appears and stands quietly beside him. Together they watch the distant explosions. Auora : I didnt actually hurt your feelings? Speech event: He takes a long drag. Exhales. Jim : How long you been in Africa? Auora : Four months. Before that Kosovo. The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Auora) about something (the time that she leaves). The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Auora) can give the answer of the speakers (Jim) question. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Auora) to answer the time that she leaves as the answer of his question. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Auora) can answer his question. The sincerity condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes that the hearer (Auora) can answer how long she leaves in Africa. The degree of strength of the utterance shows that the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get the answer from the hearer (Auora). Excerpt. 5 Speech event: Auora is waiting as Jim walks back. Jim: How is he? Auora: They say hell live. The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Auora) about the condition. The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Auora) can give the answer of the speakers (Jim) question. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Auora) to answer the soldier condition as the answer of his question. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Aurora) can answer his question. The sincerity condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes that the hearer (Aurora) can explain How is the soldier now. The degree of strength of the utterance shows that the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get the explanation from the hearer (Aurora). Excerpt. 6 Speech event: They have been walking for twelve hours. Jim has to sit. Jim: How much farther- -? Solomon: One day more. Speech event: He kneels before Jim. The Directive Illocutionary Act is asking and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Solomon) about something (the time). The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Solomon) can give the answer of the speakers (Jim) question. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Solomon) to answer the time that he reached as the answer of his question. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Solomon) can answer his question. The sincerity condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes that the hearer (Solomon) can answer how much farther the place that their reached. The degree of strength of the utterance shows that the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get the answer from the hearer (Solomon). 3.2.2 Commanding There are 3 Commanding Directive Illocutionary Acts that are found in Jims utterances and here is the analysis Excerpt. 7 Speech event: Three cut down trucks of Rebels SQUEAL into view and begin spraying everything with automatic weapons. Jim: Yes or no? Speech event: A whole life can change with a single syllable. Solomon: Yes. Speech event: A truck comes careening around the corner. Jim pushes Solomon as the wall behind them is stitched with bullets. Jim: Go. Go!! Speech event: They begin to run. The Directive Illocutionary Act is commanding and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Solomon) to do something (to run). The mode of achievement of the utterance is shows that the hearer (Solomon) can give the respond to the speakers (Jim) wants. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) is commanding to the hearer (Solomon) for getting what he wants (to run). The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Solomon) can respond his command. The sincerity of condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes to the hearer (Solomon) can achieve his command. The degree of strength of the utterance is shows the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get respond from the hearer (Solomon). Excerpt. 8 Speech event: Jim seizes the moment sending an OPEN-HAND STRIKE to the throat of his would-be executioner, then grabbing the AK-47, and shooting him before ripping the gun out of his hands. Jim : STAY DOWN!! Speech event: Solomon remains flattened behind the tree stump, head down. The Directive Illocutionary Act is commanding and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Solomon) to do something (to stay down). The mode of achievement of the utterance is shows that the hearer (Solomon) can give the respond to the speakers (Jim) wants. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) is commanding to the hearer (Solomon) for getting what he wants. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Solomon) can respond his command. The sincerity of condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes to the hearer (Solomon) can achieve his command. The degree of strength of the utterance is shows the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get respond from the hearer (Solomon). Excerpt. 9 Speech event: Behind them, the jungle erupts with gunfire Solomon throws Dia to the ground. Jim takes cover four mercenaries are advancing. Jim Return Fire, hitting two. The others hit the ground. Jim : MOVE, MOVE, MOVE!!! Speech event: He shoves Solomon and Dia to their feet. The Directive Illocutionary Act is commanding and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) asks to the hearer (Solomon and Dia) to do something (to Move). The mode of achievement of the utterance is shows that the hearer (Solomon and Dia) can gives the respond to the speakers (Jim) wants (to move). The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) is commanding to the hearer (Solomon and Dia) for getting what he wants. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Solomon and Dia) can respond his command. The sincerity of condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) really hopes to the hearer (Solomon and Dia) can achieve his command. The degree of strength of the utterance is shows the speakers (Jim) seriousness to get respond from the hearer (Solomon and Dia). 3.2.3 Requesting There are 2 requesting Directive Illocutionary Acts that are found in Jims utterances and here are the analysis: Excerpt. 10 Speech event: Jim has already begun heading toward Aurora. She sees him coming and watches him walk toward her. They meet in the middle of a crowded dance floor. All around them, sweaty bodies are swaying to the African beat. Aurora : I supposed to kiss you or fuck you? I cant remember. Jim : How about you dance with me? Aurora : Should I ask what happened to your face? Speech event: He takes her hand and leads her into the surging crowd. Aurora : I guess not. Speech event: They dance as best they can in the crush. The Directive Illocutionary Act is requesting and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) request to the hearer (Aurora) to do something (to dance together). The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Aurora) can gives the speaker (Jim) permission to dance. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) request to the hearer (Aurora) to dance together. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Aurora) can meet his request. The sincerity condition of the utterance shows that Jim really hopes that Aurora wants to dance with him. The degree of strength of the utterance show Jims seriousness to asks for Auroras permission. Excerpt. 11 Speech event: Jim smiles Auora: Its a world phone, by the way. Jim: You should get on the plane. Aurora: So should you? Speech event: He smiles and turns away. Aurora: are you going to call me? Jim: soon as Im near a phone. Aurora: Yeah, right. The Directive Illocutionary Act is requesting and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) wants the hearer (Aurora) to do something. The mode of achievement of the utterance is that the hearer (Aurora) can give the speaker (Jim) wants. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) asks the hearer (Aurora) to get on the plane. The preparatory condition of the utterance is that Jim believes that Aurora can do his request. The sincerity condition of the utterance shows that Jim really hopes that Aurora will get on the plane. The degree of strength of the utterance shows Jim s seriousness to ask for Aurora to get on the plane. 3.2.4 Suggesting There are 2 Suggesting Directive Illocutionary Acts that are found in Jims utterances and here is the analysis: Excerpt. 12 Speech event: The troop leader takes out knife and cut into the stitches. The goat squeals a little and kicks angrily. From under the goats skin, he takes a dozen small, rough DIAMONDS. The troop leader draws his .45 on Jim. Troop Leader: You are under arrest for smuggling. Jim: Now you listen here, my man. I am a good friend of Minister Somora. He will not be pleased you have interfered with his business. Speech event: Clearly the name of Minister Samora carries some weight. Jim (contd): You know who I am, dont you? What I am? I dont think you want to mess with me. or my friends, eh? (changes his tack) How about I just look the other way and you pocket one or two of those stone. Buy something nice for the wife. Or maybe the mistress, eh? (Re the shepherds) Whos going to tell? Them? Speech event: The shepherds look, uncertain, from Jim to the Soldier. Troop Leader: No. The Directive Illocutionary Act is suggesting and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) suggest to the hearer (Troop Leader) to do something (to do suggestion). The mode of achievement of the utterance is shows that the speaker (Jim) gives the option to refuse or receive to the hearer (Troop Leader) can not achieve the speakers (Jim) wants. The propositional content of the utterance is that the happiness acts to the hearer (Troop Leader). The speakers (Jim) suggest the hearer to pocket the stone and buy something nice for his wife. The preparatory condition of the utterance is shows that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Troop Leader) can achieve his request. The sincerity of condition of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) really hopes to the hearer (Troop Leader) can achieve his request. The degree of strength of the utterance is shows the speakers (Jim) seriousness to the hearer (Troop Leader) in order to receive his suggestion. Excerpt. 13 Speech event: Jim and Aurora has been talked about himself. Aurora : Somehow I dont take you as the UNICEF type. Speech event: Jim just smiles. Aurora (contd): I was going to say soldier-of- fortune but its such a clichà ©. Jim: How about hired gun. People seem to like that one. Aurora: Diamonds? Jim: what if I told you I was a missionary. Aurora: (Laugh) For Dewente? Jim: Its not just rude to ask those kinds of questions, Ms. Bowen, its also dangerous. Aurora: Ill take my chances.(leans closer) Sotell me about blood diamonds. Speech event: And then, suddenly, Jim gets it. His face turns to stone. The Directive Illocutionary Act is suggesting and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) suggest to the hearer (Aurora) about something. The mode of achievement of the utterance is shows that the speaker (Jim) gives the option to refuse or receive to the hearer (Aurora) can not achieve the speakers (Jim) wants. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speakers (Jim) suggest the hearer (Aurora) to doing what he wants. The preparatory condition of the utterance is shows that the speaker (Jim) believes that the hearer (Aurora) can achieve his request. The sincerity of condition of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) really hopes to the hearer (Aurora) can achieve his request. The degree of strength of the utterance is shows the speakers (Jim) seriousness to the hearer (Aurora) in order to receive his suggestion. 3.2.5 Begging There are 1 Begging Directive Illocutionary Acts that are found in Jims utterances and here is the analysis: Excerpt. 14 Speech event: Looks over at Solomon who has his arm protectively around Dia. The boy looks like the same innocent child he once was. Jim: Take your boy home. Speech event: Solomon looks back at him, tears in his eyes. He nods. In deep and simple gratitude. Jim nods back. Then Jim: Help me. Speech event: He struggles to pick up the machine gun. Solomon puts it into his hands. Jim: Put the strapover my shoulder. Speech event: Solomon helps secure it in place. The Directive Illocutionary Act is Begging and the meanings of the utterance are: The point of illocution of the utterance is that the speaker (Jim) begs the hearer (Solomon) to do something (to take his boy). The mode of achievement of the utterance is shows that the speaker (Jim) wants the hearer (Solomon) to take his boy home. The propositional content of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) is begging to the hearer (Solomon) for getting what he wants. The preparatory condition of the utterance is shows that the speaker (Jim) is begging to the hearer (Solomon) as the effect of his need. The sincerity condition of the utterance shows that the speaker (Jim) is sincere in begging to the hearer (Solomon) because the speaker (Jim) really wants something to the hearer. The degree of strength of the utterance is increasing the speaker (Jim) shows that he really means it in begging to the hearer. 3.2.6 Adjuring There are 1 Adjuring Directive Illocutionary Acts that are found in Jims utterances and here is the analysis: Excerpt. 15 Speech event: The sound of gunfire ECOMOG troops have seen something in the tree-line and have begun exchanging fire. Jim : Hurry it up, folks! Unless you want to end up the same way! Speech event: Solomon cant move, just stares at the boy and mother. The Directive Illocutionary Act is Adjuring and the meanings of the utte Development of the Christian Personality: Theories Development of the Christian Personality: Theories Christian Personality Development: From the Womb to the Tomb Michelle L. Stelly Abstract Research done using various peer-reviewed journal articles, a theory of personality based on Christianity is proposed. Research has shown that all development, including personality, is influenced even prior to conception based on how the future mother takes care of herself prior to implantation. It is necessary for expectant mothers to keep their stress, anxiety and depression at a minimum not just for their own health but the future mental health of their unborn child. It is the parent(s) duty to nurture all facets of the child all the way through adolescence, as prescribed by the Bible. Physical health is equally as important to personality development as mental healthcare. People have times in life when they have an apparent shift in their personality and this is all a part of development. Many have speculated about why one person grew up to one way while another became another. Empirical studies of moral personality development will be continuous to show how using an integrative structure for examining personality can readily unite Christianity and psychology. Keywords: development, infant, mother, Bible, parents Christian Personality Development: From the Womb to the Tomb Personality develops over an entire lifespan and when done according to God’s plan life is much more enjoyable. Canonical correlation analysis showed that â€Å"more religious individuals are healthier in general, which might be supported at least circumstantially by the results reported here. It makes good sense that if people have both a spiritual and a natural essence that these dimensions would be interactive† (Simpson, Newman Fuqua, 2007). Integrating psychology with biblical studies, much like done at Liberty University, will provide guidance of God’s people according to His Word in developing healthy personalities. Foundations of Personality According to Feist, Feist, and Roberts (2013), there are differing definitions of personality and each is dependent upon the theorist’s part of the world, religious experiences, and many from their time as psychotherapists (pp. 3-4). In general, personality can be defined as â€Å"a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior (Roberts Mroczek, 2008)† (Feist, Feist Roberts, 2013, p. 4). In a few ways we are all the same. We all have the same personal inclinations and share a basic nature of being. We all have physical bodies and personalities and we all have thoughts and feelings. Personality is made up of various traits and each arrangement is unalike for every individual. It comes from within the person and usually remains unchanged throughout life. Nature versus Nurture Nature and nurture are both important but not interchangeable. Biology plays a huge role in personality development. Nature is the first influence on personality development as it begins in a person’s DNA. Nurture takes place after birth and is impacted by a person’s environment. Hans J. Eysenck noted three findings as evidence that personality is 75% hereditary and 25% a result of environmental influences (Feist, Feist Roberts, 2013, p. 411). Eysenck noted that research done by Robert R. McCrae and Juri Allik regarding â€Å"the five-factor model of personality across cultures† done in 2002 showed nearly identical personality traits among persons in difference parts of the world such as Uganda, Russia, and Japan (Feist, Feist Roberts, 2013, p. 411). Another piece of evidence from Eysenck’s own 1990 study that showed a â€Å"higher concordance between identical twins than between same-gender fraternal twins reared together† which suggests that heredity plays a dominant role in determining personality differences (Feist, Feist Roberts, 2013, p. 411). Personality develops from birth on. There are certain aspects of human behavior that come from human nature. Humans have natural instincts to find nutritional sustenance, seek out love and affection, and ask for help with the things they cannot do for themselves. From birth until the beginning of school age, which varies from child to child but is usually around age four or five, caretakers may notice certain behavioral traits which may mimic a personality type but essentially no permanent type has yet been established. Starting around age five until around age eleven people begin to develop the dominant personality traits begin to form and it becomes apparent as to how the child learns, such as if they are auditory or visual learners and if they work well in groups on solitary. From around age twelve or thirteen, when they are entering adolescence, traits that support the dominant feature begin to appear: how they make decisions, what they value in life, and their perception of things. Starting around age twenty, adults start to learn how their personality traits fit in with the rest of the world. This becomes very apparent when peers become coworkers rather than fellow students. For some people, sometime between the ages of 35 and 50, people may hit what is called a â€Å"mid-life crisis† because they begin to see facets of their life that they did not develop and feel a strong desire to satisfy these. After around age 50, the personality is more disciplined that those of younger stages and this is usually due to life experiences. The Unconscious. Carl Jung stated â€Å"There are certain events of which we have not consciously taken note; they have remained, so to speak, below the threshold of conscious. They have happened, but they have been absorbed subliminally† (Mlodinow, 2012, p.5). Influences that we are not consciously cognizant of influence our actions. Dream content has been shown to be a reflection of people’s view on religion. Disagreeing with the normal thought that Christianity and science â€Å"inevitably conflict with each other, dreaming offers an area of potential religion–science convergence† (Bulkeley, 2009). View of Self. â€Å"Different aspects of the self emerge in different periods of the lifespan† (Klimstra, 2012). However, once new aspects of the self emerge, existing aspects do not finish growing. Therefore, it is important to consider several aspects of the self. Neuroscientists have performed studies using human brain mapping and have concluded that â€Å"People who endorse individualistic cultural values showed greater MPFC [medial prefrontal cortex] activation to general self-descriptions, whereas people who endorse collectivistic cultural values showed greater MPFC activation to contextual self-descriptions† (Chiao, Harada, Komeda, Li, Mano, Saito, Parrish, Sadato, Iidaka 2009). Personality types. The personality can be assessed using the Myers-Brigs Personality Type Indicator (based on the theories of Carl Jung). According to this instrument, there sixteen personality types made up of four criteria. (E)xtraversion versus (I)ntraverson give a clue of if the person is focused on the outside world or only their inner circles. How they process information by either by way of the five senses (S)ensing or if they look for patterns ntuition. People make decisions by either (T)hinking or by (F)eeling. Finally, the test also measures how people prefer to live in the outside world, structured which is called (J)udging or more flexible, (P)erceiving. An example of personality type would be INFJ who is described as Seek meaning and connection in ideas, relationships, and material possessions. Want to understand what motivates people and are insightful about others. Conscientious and committed to their firm values. Develop a clear vision about how best to serve the common good. Organized and decisive in implementing their vision (Briggs-Myers, 2013). Progression of Personality Although more research is needed, there has been a link found between depressive as well as anxiety disorders in the mother prior to conception and the onset of depressive disorders and more severe anxiety disorders (Martini, et al., 2013). Progression is expected to flow in a basic manner, beginning in infancy, and personality development progresses based on modeling of caregiver’s examples. By the time the person reaches school age, people begin to progress to the next stage of internalizing all they absorbed in early childhood. Progression to maturity is exhibited by awareness of not only the self but of others and how the two work together. Life has progresses to a deeper meaning. Once a person reaches the last stage of personality progression, development slows down and people become more passive. Dementia is something people fear because it represents personality changes, even at a mild stage, and this change is intimidating, especially to the elderly experiencing it. Motivation People are striving to accomplish self efficacy as a result of their behavior. They decide what they should strive for based upon what will allow for them to satisfy their basic needs for love and acceptance and this can often be caused by how they are taught to internalize as well as environmental factors such as a desire to move out of an impoverished neighborhood. A person is motivated by desiring a sense of security and a lack of pain. â€Å"Motivation at work is not always conditioned by external environment. However, it is more governed by internal worldones own orientation† (Sengupta, 2011). Classroom activity has been shown to have an impact on motivation as well. Students are motivated either by making the best grades possible or doing enough just to not fail. Self-motivation is probably the strongest form of motivation and this is seen in school aged children. People are motivated by control and whether they realize it or not by challenges. Curiosity is a huge motivator as well. Maturation. Maturity happens primarily in adolescence when a child develops a sense of self separate from their parental unit. There are differences between genders as to when this happens and overall girls mature earlier than boys (Klimstra, Hale, III, Raajimakers, Branje Meeus, 2009). Brain mapping had proven useful in this as well. â€Å"Early prefrontal cortex damage has been associated with developmental deficits in social adaptation, moral behavior, and empathy that alter the maturation of social cognition and social emotions† (Eslinger, Robinson-Long, Realmuto, Moll, deOlivera-Souza, Tovar-Moll, Wang, Yang, 2009). Situations that were ambiguously moral activated considerably more prefrontal lobe activity than did routine moral situations, suggesting the biological nature of personality maturation. The frontal polar stimulation does not change with age and the findings further endorse a substantial role for the medial prefrontal cortex in maturation of the moral decision making process. Personality develops greater maturity as the person ages but self-distinction decreases with age. Biblical Integration Many psychological viewpoints say that man cannot change his personality makeup because it is inbred through evolution. Christians know that personality can change because when they become saved they become a new being. The Holy Spirit is able to defy science and creates a Christian personality that exudes holiness, peace, and happiness. Christians have an advantage in personality development because when they see something not progressing to their liking, they can go to the scriptures to learn to deal with their sinfulness. While the Biblical canon does not go precisely into how each family unit is handled, it does give basic rules that empower one to discover what God expects of his followers. One such rule is prescribed in Luke 2:51, â€Å"And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject unto them: but his mother kept all these sayings in her heart† (King James Version). The guideline in this section shows that folks are given the power to coordinate, guide, and instruct and their kids by God. If Jesus allowed himself to be guided and heeded the words of his earthly mother and father, then children today need to allow theirs to do the same because this is to be as He was, and that is what people should strive for. There is the issue of original sin where the sin of Adam and Even is passed on to even the current generation as their offspring. Before the person accepts Jesus Christ as their savior, it is much easier to fall into this sinful nature. Once salvation is received, there is no excuse because the person was to have changed. This affects personality because it creates the trait of hypocrisy. While people are still flesh and blood and cannot be perfect, the Bible gives a clear example of a model for personality development: Jesus Christ. It is crucial that parents involve their children in activities that glorify God. Youth have the right to need sensible direction from their parent(s) and that unit is called upon to nurture their kids. That is, to have their backs, to raise them correctly, in the chastening and admonition of the Lord as stated in Ephesians 6:4 (American Standard Version). That is to mean that parents are be imitators of God in the reprimanding or guidance given to children. It is rebuking or disciplining based upon affection and care that forms the personality once the child is out of the womb. Before then, a parent must keep the word close to them to bless the family unit even before it is conceptualized. Conclusion Personality development starts with the mother. Her mental state before and during her pregnancy and create certain personality traits within her child. Once the child is born, it is the parents God given right and duty to nurture that child in a way that is fitting to God’s path. The home situation, the parental interaction as well as the relationship the child has with the family’s church plays a role in the nurture portion of personality while the traits one picks up during personality development and self-actualization becomes their nature. When a child reaches school age they begin to separate themselves with their parents in that they develop their own identity. It is important that they still have a strong relationship with God because He is the only one that can keep an eye on them all day, every day. When a person reaches the age to move out of their family home and embark on life’s adventures, they are still developing. They are learning just how strong their legs are for them to stand on. It is important for parents not to pick them up every time the fall so that they learn to rely on Jesus. Even until death, the human personality is still evolving. People become more set in their ways as they get older and often grow to dislike the youth and the world around them. The only time the personality stops growing is when the person becomes a nonbeing, be it through disability, coma, or death. Only with such a sturdy footing can buoy the load of the weight of personality development. Without the Bible as a foundation, the edifice would simply breakdown. Through it all, it is imperative there is a strong foundation based on God’s principles. References Briggs-Myers, I. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types.asp Bulkeley, K. (2009). The religious content of dreams: A new scientific foundation. Pastoral Psychology, 58(2), 93-106. doi: 10.1007/s11089-008-0180-8 Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D., Parrish, T. B., Sadato, N., Iidaka, T. (2009). Neural basis of individualistic and collectivistic views of self. Human Brain Mapping, 30(9), 2813-2820. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20707 Eslinger, P., Robinson-Long, M., Realmuto, J., Moll, J., deOliveira-Souza, R., Tovar-Moll, F., Wang, J., Yang, Q. (2009). Developmental frontal lobe imaging in moral judgment: Arthur Bentons enduring influence 60 years later. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(2), 158-169. doi:10.1080/13803390802298064 Feist, J., Feist, G. J., Roberts, T. (2013). Theories of personality. (8 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Klimstra, T. A., Hale, III, W. W., Raajimakers, Q. A. W., Branje, S. J. T., Meeus, W. H. J. (2009). Maturation of personality in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 898-912. doi: 10.1037/a0014746 Klimstra, T. (2013). Adolescent Personality Development and Identity Formation. Child Development Perspectives, 7(2), 80-84.doi:10.1111/cdep.2013.7.issue-2 Martini, J., Wittich, J., Petzoldt, J., Winkel, S., Einsle, F., Siegert, J., Hofler, M., Beesdo-Baum, K., Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich. (2013). Maternal anxiety disorders prior to conception, psychopathology during pregnancy and early infants’ development: a prospective-longitudinal study. Archives of Women, 16(6), 549-560. doi: 10.1007/s00737-013-0376-5 Mlodinow, L. (2012). Subliminal: How your unconscious mind rules your behavior. (p. 5). New York, NY: Random House, Inc. Simpson, D. B., Newman, J. L., Fuqua, D. R. (2007). Spirituality and personality: Accumulating evidence. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 26(1), 33-44. Retrieved from http://p2048-www.liberty.edu.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/237251151?accountid=12085 Sengupta, S. S. (2011). Growth in human motivation: beyond Maslow. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations. , 41(1), 102. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A349721391v=2.1u=vic_libertyit=rp=AONEsw=wasid=f413eec1040eb2a4fb3beb04b1bf01a5